George Orwell published

Orwell Novels

Entries in the novels, nonfiction books, and booklets / pamphlets sections are listed by date of first publication and alphabetically.

1. “Burmese Days” — New York: Harper & Brothers, 1934.
2. “A Clergyman's Daughter” — London: V. Gollancz ltd., 1935.
3. “Keep the Aspidistra Flying” — London: V. Gollancz, ltd., 1936.
4. “Coming Up for Air” — London: V. Gollancz, ltd., 1939.
5. “Animal Farm” — London: Secker & Warburg, 1945.
6. “Nineteen Eighty-Four” — London: Secker & Warburg, 1949.

Orwell Nonfiction Books

1. “Down and Out in Paris and London” — London: V. Gollancz ltd., 1933.
2. “The Road to Wigan Pier” — London: V. Gollancz ltd., 1937.
3. “Homage to Catalonia” — London: Secker & Warburg, 1938.

Orwell Pamphlets / Booklets

1. “The English People” — London: Collins, 1947.

   A six-part booklet, with the following sections:

   — England at First Glance;

   — The Moral Outlook of the English People;

   — The Political Outlook of the English People;

   — The English Class System;

   — The English Language;

   — The Future of the English People.

2. “James Burnham and the Managerial Revolution” — London: Socialist Book Centre, 1946.

   A pamphlet printing of:

   — “Second Thoughts on James Burnham”.

3. “The Lion and the Unicorn” “Socialism and the English Genius” — London: Secker & Warburg, 1941.

   This booklet contains three parts:

   — England Your England^(*);

   — Shopkeepers at War;

   — The English Revolution.

   *) “England Your England” was later reprinted as a separate essay in various collections.

Orwell Essays / Articles

Entries in all sections include both regular and sporadic periodical contributions, titled book reviews, and several introductions to, and essays in books. Entries that are in whole or in part book reviews are indicated by a (r). Entries are listed by date of first publication (the publication listed first) and alphabetically. Many of these essays can be found as / in The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell (1968), abbreviated from now on as CEJL. However, essays included in these main collections are cross-referenced by the following abbreviations (the first publishing year in brackets):

• ITW = Inside the Whale (1940);
• CRE = Critical Essays (1946);
• DD = Dickens, Dali, and Others (1946) — US (modified) edition of CRE;
• SE = Shooting an Elephant and Other Essays (1950);
• OR = The Orwell Reader, Fiction, Essays, and Reportage (1956);
• EYE = England Your England and Other Essays (1953);
• SJ = Such, Such Were the Joys (1953);
• CE = Collected Essays (1966);
• BC = Bernard Crick: George Orwell: A Life (1992).

In addition, Orwell broadcast several of his essays on the BBC. These are noted with the broadcast date, if available.

Orwell Transcripts of Broadcasts

Those essays which Orwell broadcast on the BBC are noted in the essay section. In addition, there are several compilations of Orwell's wartime radio work.

1. “Orwell, the War Broadcasts”, London: Duckworth: British Broadcasting Corp., 1985.

This was later published in the U. S. with the title “Orwell, the Lost Writings”.

2. “Orwell, the War Commentaries”, London: Duckworth: British Broadcasting Corp., 1985.

This was later published in the U. S. with the same title.

Orwell Essay Collections Published Prior to Death

1. “Inside the Whale and Other Essays”, London: V. Gollancz ltd., 1940.

   Contains the following essays:

   — Inside the Whale;

   — Charles Dickens;

   — Boys' Weeklies.

2. “Critical Essays”, London: Secker and Warburg, 1946.

   Contains the following essays:

   — Charles Dickens;

   — Boys' Weeklies;

   — Wells, Hitler and the World State;

   — The Art of Donald McGill;

   — Rudyard Kipling;

   — W. B. Yeats;

   — Benefit of Clergy;

   — Arthur Koestler;

   — Raffles and Miss Blandish;

   — In Defence of P. G. Wodehouse.

3. American edition of “Critical Essays” — “Dickens, Dali & Others” — Studies in Popular Culture. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1946.

Orwell Essay Collections Published After Death

1. “Shooting an Elephant, and Other Essays”, London: Secker and Warburg, 1950.

   Contains the following essays:

   — Shooting an Elephant;

   — A Hanging;

   — How the Poor Die;

   — Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool;

   — Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels;

   — Politics and the English Language;

   — Reflections on Gandhi;

   — The Prevention of Literature;

   — Second Thoughts on James Burnham;

   — Confessions of a Book Reviewer;

   — Books vs. Cigarettes;

   — Good Bad Books;

   — Nonsense Poetry;

   — Riding Down from Bangor;

   — The Sporting Spirit;

   — Decline of the English Murder;

   — Some Thoughts on the Common Toad;

   — A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray.

2. “England, Your England and Other Essays”, London: Secker & Warburg, 1953.

   Contains the following essays:

   — Why I Write;

   — Writers and Leviathan;

   — North and South (from The Road to Wigan Pier);

   — Notes on Nationalism;

   — Anti-Semitism in Britain;

   — Poetry and the Microphone;

   — Inside the Whale;

   — Marrakech;

   — Looking Back on the Spanish War;

   — Down the Mine (from The Road to Wigan Pier);

   — England Your England.

3. “Such, Such Were the Joys”, New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1953.

   Contains the following essays:

   — Why I Write;

   — Such, Such Were the Joys;

   — Writers and Leviathan.
   

   — Anti-Semitism in Britain;

   — Poetry and the Microphone;

   — Marrakech;

   — Looking Back on the Spanish War;

   — Inside the Whale;

   — England Your England.

4. “A Collection of Essays”, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1954.

   Contains the following essays:

   — Such, Such Were the Joys;

   — Charles Dickens;

   — The Art of Donald McGill;

   — Rudyard Kipling;

   — Raffles and Miss Blandish;

   — Shooting an Elephant;

   — Politics and the English Language;

   — Reflections on Gandhi;

   — Marrakech;

   — Looking Back on the Spanish War;

   — Inside the Whale;

   — England Your England;

   — Boys' Weeklies;

   — Why I Write.

5. “Selected Essays”, Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books, 1957.

   Contains the following essays:

   — Inside the Whale;

   — Down the Mine;

   — England Your England;

   — Shooting an Elephant;

   — Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool;

   — Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels;

   — Politics and the English Language;

   — The Prevention of Literature;

   — Boys' weeklies;

   Reprinted in 1960 with the same title (available on orwell.ru: 'Selected Essays').

   Reprinted in 1962 with title “Inside the Whale”, but not the same as Orwell's 1940 essay collection by the same name.

6. “Collected Essays” — London: Secker & Warburg, 1961.

   Contains the following essays:

   — Inside the Whale;

   — Shooting an Elephant;;

   — A Hanging;

   — How the Poor Die;

   — Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool;

   — Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels;

   — Politics and the English Language;

   — The Prevention of Literature;

   — Second Thoughts on James Burnham;

   — Charles Dickens;

   — Boys' Weeklies;

   — Wells, Hitler and the World State;

   — The Art of Donald McGill;

   — W. B. Yeats;

   — Benefit of Clergy;

   — Arthur Koestler;

   — Raffles and Miss Blandish;

   — In Defence of P. G. Wodehouse;

   — Why I Write;

   — Notes on Nationalism;

   — Anti-Semitism in Britain;

   — Poetry and the Microphone;

   — Marrakech;

   — Looking Back on the Spanish War.

7. “Decline of the English Murder and Other Essays”, Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books, 1965.

   Contains the following essays:

   — Decline of the English Murder;

   — A Hanging;

   — Benefit of Clergy.
   

   — How the Poor Die;

   — Rudyard Kipling;

   — Raffles and Miss Blandish;

   — Charles Dickens;

   — The Art of Donald McGill;

   — Notes on Nationalism;

   — Why I Write.

8. “The Penguin Essays of George Orwell”, Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books, 1984.

   Contains forty-one pieces, from 1931 to 1949, arranged in chronological order.

   Required???

Orwell Letter Collections Published After Death

1. “Some Letters of George Orwell to Cyril Connolly, Richard Rees, Stephen Spender, T. R. Fyvel, and Others.”, Encounter. January 1962.
2. “George Orwell: Ten ‘Animal Farm’ Letters to his Agent, Leonard Moore.” Bloomington, Ind.: Private Press of Fredric Brewer, 1984.

Orwell Mixed-Genre Collections Published After Death

1. “The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell”, New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968.

   The key word here is ‘collected’. This collection is nowhere near complete, but it is the most complete collection available of Orwell's shorter work. Included in the four volumes are essays / articles, book reviews, poetry, letters, and extracts from Orwell's diaries and notebooks. The volumes are titled as follows:

   — Volume I: An Age Like This, 1920-1940;

   — Volume II: My Country Right or Left, 1940-1943;

   — Volume III: As I Please, 1943-1945;

   — Volume IV: In Front of Your Nose, 1945-1950.

2. “The Orwell Reader, Fiction, Essays, and Reportage” — New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1956.

   Contains the following essays:

   — Shooting an Elephant;

   — A Hanging;

   — How the Poor Die;

   — England Your England;

   — Rudyard Kipling;

   — Politics vs. Literature: an Examination of 'Gulliver's Travels';

   — Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool;

   — In Defense of P. G. Wodehouse;

   — Reflections on Gandhi;

   — Second Thoughts on James Burnham;

   — Politics and the English Language;

   — The Prevention of Literature;

   — Decline of the English Murder;

   — Some Thoughts on the Common Toad;

   — A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray;

   — Why I Write;

   — Such, Such Were the Joys.

   Also contains excerpts from the following Orwell's novels:

   — Burmese Days;

   — Down and Out in Paris and London;

   — A Clergyman's Daughter;

   — Keep the Aspidistra Flying;

   — The Road to Wigan Pier;

   — Homage to Catalonia;

   — Coming Up for Air;

   — Nineteen Eighty-Four.

Orwell Poetry

1. “Awake young men of England”, Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard. 2 October 1914. BC.
2. “Kitchener”, Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard. 21 July 1916. BC.
3. “A Dressed Man and a Naked Man”, Adelphi. October 1933. CEJL, BC.
4. “Sometimes in the Middle Autumn Days”, Adelphi. March 1933. CEJL, BC.
5. “Summer-like”, Adelphi. May 1933.
6. “On a Ruined Farm Near the His Master's Voice Gramophone Factory”, Adelphi. April 1934. CEJL.
7. “St. Andrew's Day, 1935”, Adelphi. November 1935.
8. “A Happy Vicar”, Adelphi. December 1936.
9. “As One Non-Combatant to Another”, Tribune. 18 June 1943. CEJL.

Orwell Letters to the Editor / Editorials

Entries are published letters / editorials only. Titled entries are alphabetized by title, and untitled entries are alphabetized by periodical name. Entries noted “with others” were also signed by others than Orwell. Some entries are included in the CEJL.

• Times 11 February 1933. CEJL.
• New English Weekly “The Booster” 11 November 1937.
• Time and Tide “Trotskyist' Publications” 5 February 1938.
• Times Literary Supplement 14 May 1938.
• New English Weekly “Ends and Means” 26 May 1938.
• New English Weekly 26 May 1938. CEJL.
• Times Literary Supplement 28 May 1938.
• Controversy “We, the Undersigned” (with others) October 1938.
• Time and Tide “Against Invasion.” 22 June 1940.
• Time and Tide 22 June 1940. CEJL.
• Spectator 21 March 1941.
• Tribune 31 December 1943.
• Tribune 4 February 1944.
• Tribune 10 March 1944.
• Tribune 24 March 1944.
• Tribune 28 April 1944.
• Tribune 19 May 1944.
• Tribune 26 May 1944.
• Tribune 23 June 1944.
• Tribune (with others) 4 May 1945.
• Tribune 27 July 1945.
• Tribune 23 November 1945.
• Tribune “Philip Sansom” (with others) 18 January 1946.
• Tribune 15 March 1946.
• Forward (with others) 16 March 1946. CEJL.
• Polemic May 1946. CEJL.
• Tribune 13 December 1946.
• Tribune 17 January 1947. CEJL.
• Tribune 31 January 1947.
• Tribune 7 February 1947.
• Tribune (with others) 7 February 1947.
• Horizon December 1947.
• Tribune (with others) 17 September 1948.
• News Chronicle 3 March 1949. CEJL.
• Life 25 July 1949.

Orwell Works Edited

1. “Talking to India”, London: Allen and Unwin, 1943.
2. “British Pamphleteers. Vol 1” — (co-edited with Reginald Reynolds) London: Wingate, 1948.

Orwell Standard Edition

1. A standard edition of Orwell's works is published by Secker & Warburg, London. Titles available include all of Orwell's fiction and nonfiction books, as well as “The Lion and the Unicorn”, “Collected Essays”, and the CEJL.

Orwell Manuscripts

The few surviving Orwell manuscripts reside in the Orwell Archive, at University College, London. In addition, what remains of the original manuscript of Nineteen Eighty-Four has been published in book form:

1. “Nineteen Eighty-Four”, the Facsimile of the Extant Manuscript. San Diego: Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich; Weston, Mass.: M & S Press, 1984, Edited by Peter H. Davison.

Orwell Bibliographies

Annotation sources are as follows:

• AB = George Orwell: An Annotated Bibliography of Criticism, by Jeffrey Meyers and Valerie Meyers, New York: Garland, 1975;
• GO = George Orwell, by Averil Gardener, Boston: G. K. Hall, 1987;
• GOC = A George Orwell Companion, by J. R. Hammond, New York: S. Martin's Press, 1982;
• KC = Kara Chiodo;
• PPF = Nineteen Eighty-Four: Past, Present, and Future, by Patrick Reilly, Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1989;
• PREF = A Preface to Orwell, by David Wykes, New York: Longman, 1987;
• TK = “George Orwell: A Pre-1984 Bibliography of Criticism, 1975-1983,” by Thomas A. Karel, Bulletin of Bibliography, 41 (1984): 133-47.
• NA = without annotation

— I. R. Willison “George Orwell: Some Materials for a Bibliography.” School of Librarianship, London University, 1953.

Willison later collaborated on a bibliography in Bulletin of Bibliography with Ian Angus. KC.

— Zoltan and William White Zeke “George Orwell: A Selected Bibliography.” Bulletin of Bibliography. 23 (1961): 100-14.

A list of Orwell's books, collected essays, articles and reviews in periodicals, poems and works edited, from 1930 to 1952. AB.

— Zoltan and William White Zeke “Orwelliana.” Bulletin of Bibliography. 23 (1961): 140-44.

A list of books, chapters in books, periodical articles and reviews of books by and about Orwell. AB.

— Zoltan and William White Zeke “Orwelliana.” Bulletin of Bibliography. 23 (1962): 166-68.

A list of reviews of books by and about Orwell, obituaries, portraits, late essays and reviews by Orwell, films, radio and television adaptations. AB.

— Jennifer McDowell “George Orwell: Bibliographical Addenda.” Bulletin of Bibliography. 23 (1963): 224-29.

A supplement to Zeke and White which lists Orwell's articles and reviews in periodicals and books, and letters of reply to his work. AB.

— Jennifer McDowell “George Orwell: Bibliographical Addenda.” Bulletin of Bibliography. 24 (1963): 19-24.

A list of letters on Orwell's work; books, pamphlets and theses; bibliographies; chapters in books and periodical articles on Orwell. AB.

— Jennifer McDowell “George Orwell: Bibliographical Addenda.” Bulletin of Bibliography. 24 (1963): 36-40.

A list of reviews of Orwell's books, broadcasts, obituaries, portraits, and more articles and reviews in periodicals by Orwell. AB.

— Ian and Ian Angus Willison “George Orwell: Bibliographical Addenda.” Bulletin of Bibliography. 24 (1965): 180-87.

A supplement to Zeke and White and McDowell's bibliographies, which lists Orwell's prefaces and introductions; articles, reviews and letters in periodicals; unsigned contributions; and letters on Orwell's work. AB.

— Jeffrey Meyers “George Orwell: A Bibliography.” Bulletin of Bibliography. 31 (1974): 117-21.

A bibliography of criticism on Orwell which lists three hundred books and articles in English, French, Italian, German, Dutch, Norwegian, Serbo-Croat, Hungarian and Japanese. AB.

— Jeffrey Meyers “George Orwell: A Selected Checklist.” Modern Fiction Studies. 21 (1975): 133-36.

A supplement to the earlier bibliography which lists an additional eighty-five books and articles on Orwell. AB.

— Jeffrey Meyers and Valerie Meyers “George Orwell: An Annotated Bibliography of Criticism.” New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1977.

This lists books, articles, chapters in books, and reviews about Orwell's work from all over the world. Each item is accompanied by a brief synopsis and occasionally evaluative comment.

— “George Orwell” — The English Novel, Twentieth Century Criticism. Vol. 2, Twentieth Century Novelists. Ed. Paul Schlueter and June Schlueter. Athens, Ohio: Swallow Press, 1982. 243-52.

Lists over two hundred citations to critical material on Orwell. TK.

— Thomas Jackson Rice “George Orwell.” English Fiction, 1900-1950: Individual Authors: Joyce to Woolf: A Guide to Information Sources. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1983.

This is both a primary and secondary bibliography on Orwell, with brief annotations. Two hundred eighty-seven critical items are listed. TK.

— Karel A. Thomas “George Orwell: A Pre-1984 Bibliography of Criticism, 1975-1983.” Bulletin of Bibliography. 41 (1984): 133-47.

A secondary bibliography of works from 1975-1983, partially annotated. Divided into four sections: Books, Sections of Books, Periodical Articles, and Dissertations (1955-1983). KC.

— Paul Schlueter “Trends in Orwell Criticism, 1968-1983.” College Literature. 11.1 (1984): 94-112.

Schlueter's original secondary bibliography. KC.

— Paul Schlueter “Trends in Orwell Criticism, 1968-1984.” Critical Essays on George Orwell. Ed. Bernard Oldsey and Joseph Browne. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1986.

An expanded version of Schlueter's original secondary bibliography. KC.

— Paul Schlueter “Supplement to ‘Trends in Orwell Criticism, 1968-1984’ (through 1990).” Bulletin of Bibliography. 49 (1992): 115-26.

A secondary bibliography of works in English mainly from 1984-1990. Not annotated. KC.

— L. Brander: “George Orwell” (1954) NA

— John Atkins: “George Orwell” (1955) NA

— George Woodcock: “The Crystal Spirit” (1966) NA

— Robert A. Lee: “Orwell's Fiction” (1969) NA

— B. T. Oxley: “George Orwell” (1969) NA

— Raymond Williams: “Orwell” (1971) NA

— Peter Stansky and W. Abrahams: “The Unknown Orwell” (1972) NA

— David L. Kubal: “Outside the Whale: George Orwell's Art and Politics” (1972) NA

— Roberta Kalechofsky: “George Orwell” (1973) NA

— Raymond Williams: “George Orwell: A Collection of Critical Essays” (1974) NA

— Alex Zwerdling: “Orwell and the Left” (1974) NA

— William Steinhoff: “George Orwell and the Origins of 1984” (1975) NA

— C. Small: “Road to Miniluv” (1975) NA

— Jeffrey Meyers (as ed.): “The Critical Heritage” (1975) NA

— Jeffrey Meyers (as ed.): “George Orwell” (1975) NA

— Jeffrey Meyers: “A Reader's Guide to George Orwell” (1977) NA

— Peter Stansky and W. Abrahams: “The Transformation” (1979) NA

— B. Crick: “George Orwell: A Life” (1980) NA

— J. R. Hammond: “A George Orwell Companion” (1982) NA

— D. Patai: “The Orwell Mystique: A Study in Male Ideology” (1984) NA

— W. F. Bolton: “The Language of 1984” (1984) NA

— P. Reilly: “George Orwell: The Age's Adversary” (1986) NA

— Courtney T. Wemyss and Alexey Ugrinskiy (ed.): “George Orwell” (1987) NA

— P. Buitenhuis and I. B. Nadel: “George Orwell: A Reassessment” (1988) NA

— Michael Shelden: “The Authorized Biography” (1991) NA

— Peter Hobley Davison: “George Orwell: A Literary Life” (1996) NA

— Jeffrey Meyers: “Orwell: Wintry Conscience of a Generation” (2000) NA

Required???

Orwell Biographies

Included the most important Orwell biographies, as well as some works by friends and relatives, and works with a range of viewpoints.

— V. S. Pritchett “George Orwell.” New Statesman. 28 January 1950: 96.

Pritchett's sympathetic and insightful obituary, which appeared a week after Orwell's death, was extremely influential in establishing the personal reputation of the tall emaciated man with a face scored by the marks of physical suffering. Pritchett mentions his masochism, says he had gone native in his own country, and calls him a kind of saint, the guilty conscience of the educated and privileged man. AB.

— Paul Potts “Don Quixote on a Bicycle: In Memoriam, George Orwell, 1903-1950.” London Magazine. March 1957: 39-47.

A memoir and character-sketch of Orwell. Potts emphasizes his kindness, independence, courage, integrity, Englishness, and recalls his capacity for hard work, his taste in food, his conversation, and his hobbies. He describes his reaction to the death of his wife and his care of his child. AB.

— Rayner Heppenstall “Four Absentees.” London: Barrie and Rockcliff, 1960.

1. On the whole, hostile anecdotal reminisces by an acquaintance who once shared a flat with Orwell in London: Orwell emerges as a prejudiced eccentric. PPF.

2. ...Heppenstall traces his friendship with Orwell ...includes the anecdotes on Orwell he had previously published, and comments on their effect on the public. AB.

— Avril Dunn “My Brother, George Orwell.” Twentieth Century. March 1961: 255-61.

A useful and lucid memoir by Orwell's sister, recorded for the BBC in 1960. She describes Orwell's pleasant childhood and happy, though reserved, family relationship; the effects on his character of life in Burma, his early writing and decision to make it his life-work, his life on Jura and his illness. AB)

— Julian Symons “Orwell — A Reminiscence.” London Magazine. September 1963: 35-49.

An account of a friendship with Orwell which began in 1944, with descriptions of his character, physical appearance and behavior. Symons stresses Orwell's reticence about personal matters, his extreme integrity and honesty, his generosity, and his directness of manner which almost amounted to gaucherie. Some extracts from Orwell's letters are included, one of them a response to Symons' review of 1984. Symons characterizes Orwell as a man struggling to overcome childhood neuroses, who became a better person by sheer effort. AB.

— Anthony Powell “George Orwell: A Memoir.” Atlantic Monthly. October 1967: 62-68.

Perhaps the most vivid personal reminiscence of Orwell, this essay describes him as ascetic, intransigent, moralistic, hard to know. Powell captures many physical aspects of Orwell: his voice, carefully controlled not to sound “public school”; his clothes, always shabby corduroys and tweeds. Powell describes his persecution mania and his solemnity; his fondness for Victorian atmosphere in places he lived; his devoted care of his child. AB.

— Peter and William Abrahams Stansky “The Unknown Orwell.” London: Constable, 1972.

This is a scholarly study of the first thirty years of Orwell's life, from his birth in 1903 to the publication of Down and Out in Paris and London in 1933. The authors have painstakingly researched his school days at St. Cyprian's and at Eton, his years in Burma, and the laborious literary apprenticeship he underwent in Paris and London before the publication of his first book. GOC.

— Jacintha Buddicom “Eric and Us: A Remembrance of George Orwell.” London: Leslie Frewin, 1974.

This is a sympathetic account of Orwell's boyhood and in particular of his friendship with the Buddicom family during the years 1914-22. It is particularly valuable for its insight into the Blair family background at Henley and Shiplake and for the evidence it offers of Orwell's early literary ambitions. There is much interesting material on his boyhood reading and on the literary influences which helped to shape his distinctive style and approach. The volume also contains three early poems and a number of hitherto unpublished letters. GOC.

— Peter and William Abrahams Stansky “Orwell: The Transformation.” London: Constable, 1979.

1. Biography from the publication of his first novel to his involvement in the Spanish Civil War. PPF.

2. A sequel to the authors' The Unknown Orwell... TK.

3. ...they carefully followed Orwell's footsteps, sometimes giving more detail that Crick can, and they were able to interview some persons, such as Mrs. Vaughan Wilkes, who had died before Crick began his study. So Stansky and Abrahams usefully supplement Crick's biography... PREF.

4. (It is particularly valuable for its account of his friendships during this crucial period and for the sensitive portrayal of his wife and her influence on his career. GOC.

— Bernard Crick “George Orwell: A Life.” London: Secker & Warburg, 1980.

1. This is the basic resource for anyone needing information on Orwell's life and work. PREF.

2. The authorized biography, objective and unspeculative — the first biographer to be given access to private papers held by Orwell's widow. PPF.

3. The most comprehensive... biographical work on Orwell thus far. TK.

4. Bernard Crick has achieved an extremely readable and straightforward account of Orwell's life... a fascinating and erudite biography which illuminates Orwell's own writings and helps the reader to understand the complexities of his life and friendships. GOC.

— T. R. Fyvel “George Orwell: A Personal Memoir.” London: Macmillan, 1982.

1. (An account by a close friend upholding Orwell as a secular saint and arguing that in Nineteen Eighty-Four, out of his private nightmare he produced a book prophetically related to the public problems of the age. PPF.

2. Primarily covers the last ten years of Orwell's life. TK.

2001